4.1.1 The characteristics of the layers of the Earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, crust, lithosphere.

4.1.2 The names and location of the main tectonic plates and how tectonic plates move.

4.1.3 Types of plate boundary: divergent/constructive, convergent/destructive, convergent/collision, conservative/transform and the location of earthquakes and volcanoes.

4.2.1 The processes experienced at each type of plate boundary which cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

4.2.2 The main characteristics of earthquakes: focus, epicentre, seismic waves.

4.2.3 Types of volcano: strato-volcano (composite cone), shield, cinder cone.

4.2.4 The classification of volcanoes as active, dormant, or extinct.

4.2.5 The main features of volcanoes: crater, vent, magma, magma chamber, secondary cone.

4.2.6 Volcanic hazards: lava flows, ash falls, lahars, pyroclastic flows, tephra, volcanic rocks, toxic gases; the significance of speed, size, frequency, and spread.

4.3.1 Reasons why people live in areas at risk from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

4.3.2 The impacts of earthquakes.

4.3.3 The impacts of volcanic eruptions.

4.3.4 How the magnitude of a tectonic event is measured: moment magnitude scale, Richter scale, Mercalli scale, the volcanic explosivity index (VEI).

4.4.1 Primary and secondary responses.

4.4.2 An evaluation of the strategies and techniques used to manage the impacts of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions: monitoring, prediction, protection, planning and technology.

4.4.3 One detailed specific example to include:
• the causes and impacts of an earthquake on a named country/area
• the responses to the earthquake
• the strategies and techniques used to manage the impacts of earthquakes.

4.4.4 One detailed specific example to include:
• the causes and impacts of an eruption of a named volcano
• the responses to the volcanic eruption
• the strategies and techniques used to manage the impacts of volcanic eruptions.