2.1.1 Coastal erosion: hydraulic action, corrosion, corrasion, attrition; transportation; deposition; longshore drift.

2.1.2 Types of waves: constructive and destructive and wave refraction.

2.2.1 The characteristics and formation of landforms: headlands, bays, cliffs, wave-cut platforms, caves, arches, stacks, stumps, beaches, spits, bars, sand dunes.

2.2.2 The formation and characteristics of discordant and concordant coastlines.

2.3.1 The opportunities of living near the coast.

2.3.2 The hazards of living near the coast.

2.3.3 An evaluation of hard and soft engineering strategies and techniques used to manage coastal erosion and flooding; including sustainable.

2.3.4 The distribution and impacts of tropical storms: cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons.

2.3.5 An evaluation of the strategies and techniques used to manage the impacts of tropical storms: preparation, planning, protection, prediction.

2.3.6 The global distribution, importance of, threats to, and strategies and techniques used to protect and manage coral reefs and mangroves; including sustainable.

2.3.7 One detailed specific example of a named country or coastal area to include:
• the causes and impacts of coastal erosion
• the strategies and techniques used to protect the coast from tropical storms and manage erosion; including sustainable.

2.3.8 One detailed specific example of a named country or coastal area to include:
• why the coral reef is important
• threats to the coral reef
• the strategies and techniques used to protect and manage and the coral reef; including sustainable.